In Depth
Read the manual for an in-depth discussion of all of the options available in the
Gemfile manual
Gemfile
and how to use them.
Gemfiles
Gemfiles require at least one gem source, in the form of the URL for a RubyGems server. Generate a Gemfile with the default rubygems.org source by running
bundle init
. If you can, use https
so your connection to the rubygems.org server will be verified with SSL.
source 'https://rubygems.org' do
# Gems here
end
Global source lines are a security risk and should not be used as they can lead to gems being installed from unintended sources.
Some gem sources require a username and password. Use
bundle config
to set the username and password for any
sources that need it. The command must be run once on each computer that
will install the Gemfile, but this keeps the credentials from being stored
in plain text in version control.
$ bundle config https://gems.example.com/ user:password
For some sources, like a company Gemfury account, it may be easier to
simply include the credentials in the Gemfile as part of the source URL.
source "https://user:password@gems.example.com"
Credentials in the source URL will take precedence over credentials set
using
config
.
Declare the gems that you need, including version numbers. Specify versions using the same
syntax that RubyGems supports for dependencies.
gem 'nokogiri'
gem 'rails', '5.0.0'
gem 'rack', '>=1.0'
gem 'thin', '~>1.1'
Most of the version specifiers, like
RubyGems version specifiers
>= 1.0
, are self-explanatory.
The specifier ~>
has a special meaning, best shown by example.
~> 2.0.3
is identical to >= 2.0.3
and < 2.1
.
~> 2.1
is identical to >= 2.1
and < 3.0
.
~> 2.2.beta
will match prerelease versions like 2.2.beta.12
.
~> 0
is identical to >= 0.0
and < 1.0
.
If a gem's main file is different than the gem name, specify how to require it.
gem 'rack-cache', :require => 'rack/cache'
gem 'sqlite3'
Specify
:require => false
to prevent bundler from requiring the gem, but still install it and maintain dependencies.
gem 'rspec', :require => false
gem 'sqlite3'
In order to require gems in your
Learn More: Bundler.require
Gemfile
, you will need to call
Bundler.require
in your application.
If some of your gems need to be fetched from a private gem server, this default source can be overridden for those gems.
For a gem server that contains a single gem, it is easiest to use the
:source
option on that gem.
gem 'my_gem', '1.0', :source => 'https://gems.example.com'
If several gems come from the same server, you can use a
source
block to group them together.
source 'https://gems.example.com' do
gem 'my_gem', '1.0'
gem 'another_gem', '1.2.1'
end
Credentials for gem servers can be specified either in the URL or using
bundle config
, as described above.
Git repositories are also valid gem sources, as long as the repo contains one or
more valid gems. Specify what to check out with
:tag
,
:branch
, or :ref
. The default is the master
branch.
gem 'nokogiri', :git => 'https://github.com/tenderlove/nokogiri.git', :branch => '1.4'
If the git repository does not contain a
Learn more: Git
.gemspec
file, bundler
will create a simple one, without any dependencies, executables or C extensions.
This may work for simple gems, but not work for others. If there is no .gemspec,
you probably shouldn't use the gem from git.
If you would like to use an unpacked gem directly from the filesystem, simply set the
:path
option to the path containing the gem's files.
gem 'extracted_library', :path => './vendor/extracted_library'
If you would like to use multiple local gems directly from the filesystem, you can set a global `path` option to the path containing the gem's files. This will automatically load gemspec files from subdirectories.
path 'components' do
gem 'admin_ui'
gem 'public_ui'
end
Dependencies can be placed into groups. Groups can be ignored at install-time (using
--without
) or required all at once (using Bundler.require
).
gem 'wirble', :group => :development
gem 'debugger', :group => [:development, :test]
group :test do
gem 'rspec'
end
You can specify the required version of Ruby in the
Gemfile
with ruby
. If the Gemfile
is loaded on a different Ruby version, Bundler will raise an exception with an explanation.
ruby '1.9.3'
What this means is that this app has a dependency to a Ruby VM that is ABI compatible with 1.9.3. If the version check does not match, Bundler will raise an exception. This will ensure the running code matches. You can be more specific with the
:engine
and :engine_version
options.
ruby '1.9.3', :engine => 'jruby', :engine_version => '1.6.7'