When it comes to combining multiple controller or view functions (however
you want to call them), you need a dispatcher. A simple way would be
applying regular expression tests on PATH_INFO
and call registered
callback functions that return the value.
Werkzeug provides a much more powerful system, similar to Routes. All the
objects mentioned on this page must be imported from werkzeug.routing
, not
from werkzeug
!
Quickstart
Here is a simple example which could be the URL definition for a blog:
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule, NotFound, RequestRedirect
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='blog/index'),
Rule('/<int:year>/', endpoint='blog/archive'),
Rule('/<int:year>/<int:month>/', endpoint='blog/archive'),
Rule('/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/', endpoint='blog/archive'),
Rule('/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/<slug>',
endpoint='blog/show_post'),
Rule('/about', endpoint='blog/about_me'),
Rule('/feeds/', endpoint='blog/feeds'),
Rule('/feeds/<feed_name>.rss', endpoint='blog/show_feed')
])
def application(environ, start_response):
urls = url_map.bind_to_environ(environ)
try:
endpoint, args = urls.match()
except HTTPException, e:
return e(environ, start_response)
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
return ['Rule points to %r with arguments %r' % (endpoint, args)]
So what does that do? First of all we create a new Map
which stores
a bunch of URL rules. Then we pass it a list of Rule
objects.
Each Rule
object is instantiated with a string that represents a rule
and an endpoint which will be the alias for what view the rule represents.
Multiple rules can have the same endpoint, but should have different arguments
to allow URL construction.
The format for the URL rules is straightforward, but explained in detail below.
Inside the WSGI application we bind the url_map to the current request which will
return a new MapAdapter
. This url_map adapter can then be used to match
or build domains for the current request.
The MapAdapter.match()
method can then either return a tuple in the form
(endpoint, args)
or raise one of the three exceptions
NotFound
, MethodNotAllowed
,
or RequestRedirect
. For more details about those
exceptions have a look at the documentation of the MapAdapter.match()
method.
Rule Format
Rule strings basically are just normal URL paths with placeholders in the
format <converter(arguments):name>
, where converter and the arguments
are optional. If no converter is defined, the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] converter is used
(which means [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] in the normal configuration).
URL rules that end with a slash are branch URLs, others are leaves. If you have [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] enabled (which is the default), all branch URLs that are visited without a trailing slash will trigger a redirect to the same URL with that slash appended.
The list of converters can be extended, the default converters are explained below.
Builtin Converters
Here a list of converters that come with Werkzeug:
class werkzeug.routing.UnicodeConverter(map, minlength=1, maxlength=None, length=None)
This converter is the default converter and accepts any string but only one path segment. Thus the string can not include a slash.
This is the default validator.
Example:
Rule('/pages/<page>'),
Rule('/<string(length=2):lang_code>')
- map – the
Map
. - minlength – the minimum length of the string. Must be greater or equal 1.
- maxlength – the maximum length of the string.
- length – the exact length of the string.
class werkzeug.routing.PathConverter(map)
Like the default UnicodeConverter
, but it also matches
slashes. This is useful for wikis and similar applications:
Rule('/<path:wikipage>')
Rule('/<path:wikipage>/edit')
Map
.class werkzeug.routing.AnyConverter(map, *items)
Matches one of the items provided. Items can either be Python identifiers or strings:
Rule('/<any(about, help, imprint, class, "foo,bar"):page_name>')
- map – the
Map
. - items – this function accepts the possible items as positional arguments.
class werkzeug.routing.IntegerConverter(map, fixed_digits=0, min=None, max=None)
This converter only accepts integer values:
Rule('/page/<int:page>')
This converter does not support negative values.
- map – the
Map
. - fixed_digits – the number of fixed digits in the URL. If you set
this to
4
for example, the application will only match if the url looks like/0001/
. The default is variable length. - min – the minimal value.
- max – the maximal value.
class werkzeug.routing.FloatConverter(map, min=None, max=None)
This converter only accepts floating point values:
Rule('/probability/<float:probability>')
This converter does not support negative values.
- map – the
Map
. - min – the minimal value.
- max – the maximal value.
class werkzeug.routing.UUIDConverter(map)
This converter only accepts UUID strings:
Rule('/object/<uuid:identifier>')
New in version 0.10.
Map
.Maps, Rules and Adapters
class werkzeug.routing.Map(rules=None, default_subdomain='', charset='utf-8', strict_slashes=True, redirect_defaults=True, converters=None, sort_parameters=False, sort_key=None, encoding_errors='replace', host_matching=False)
The map class stores all the URL rules and some configuration parameters. Some of the configuration values are only stored on the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] instance since those affect all rules, others are just defaults and can be overridden for each rule. Note that you have to specify all arguments besides the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] as keyword arguments!
- rules – sequence of url rules for this map.
- default_subdomain – The default subdomain for rules without a subdomain defined.
- charset – charset of the url. defaults to
"utf-8"
- strict_slashes – Take care of trailing slashes.
- redirect_defaults – This will redirect to the default rule if it wasn’t visited that way. This helps creating unique URLs.
- converters – A dict of converters that adds additional converters to the list of converters. If you redefine one converter this will override the original one.
- sort_parameters – If set to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] the url parameters are sorted. See [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] for more details.
- sort_key – The sort key function for [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference].
- encoding_errors – the error method to use for decoding
- host_matching – if set to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] it enables the host matching feature and disables the subdomain one. If enabled the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] parameter to rules is used instead of the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] one.
New in version 0.5: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] was added.
New in version 0.7: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] was added.
converters
The dictionary of converters. This can be modified after the class was created, but will only affect rules added after the modification. If the rules are defined with the list passed to the class, the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] parameter to the constructor has to be used instead.
add(rulefactory)
Add a new rule or factory to the map and bind it. Requires that the rule is not bound to another map.
Rule
or RuleFactory
bind(server_name, script_name=None, subdomain=None, url_scheme='http', default_method='GET', path_info=None, query_args=None)
Return a new MapAdapter
with the details specified to the
call. Note that [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] will default to '/'
if not further
specified or [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]. The [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] at least is a requirement
because the HTTP RFC requires absolute URLs for redirects and so all
redirect exceptions raised by Werkzeug will contain the full canonical
URL.
If no path_info is passed to match()
it will use the default path
info passed to bind. While this doesn’t really make sense for
manual bind calls, it’s useful if you bind a map to a WSGI
environment which already contains the path info.
[UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] will default to the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] for this map if no defined. If there is no [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] you cannot use the subdomain feature.
New in version 0.7: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] added
New in version 0.8: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] can now also be a string.
bind_to_environ(environ, server_name=None, subdomain=None)
Like bind()
but you can pass it an WSGI environment and it
will fetch the information from that dictionary. Note that because of
limitations in the protocol there is no way to get the current
subdomain and real [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] from the environment. If you don’t
provide it, Werkzeug will use [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] (or
[UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] if provided) as used [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] with disabled subdomain
feature.
If [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] but an environment and a server name is
provided it will calculate the current subdomain automatically.
Example: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is 'example.com'
and the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
in the wsgi [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is 'staging.dev.example.com'
the calculated
subdomain will be 'staging.dev'
.
If the object passed as environ has an environ attribute, the value of
this attribute is used instead. This allows you to pass request
objects. Additionally [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] added as a default of the
MapAdapter
so that you don’t have to pass the path info to
the match method.
Changed in version 0.5: previously this method accepted a bogus [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] parameter that did not have any effect. It was removed because of that.
Changed in version 0.8: This will no longer raise a ValueError when an unexpected server name was passed.
- environ – a WSGI environment.
- server_name – an optional server name hint (see above).
- subdomain – optionally the current subdomain (see above).
default_converters = {'any': <class 'werkzeug.routing.AnyConverter'>, 'default': <class 'werkzeug.routing.UnicodeConverter'>, 'float': <class 'werkzeug.routing.FloatConverter'>, 'int': <class 'werkzeug.routing.IntegerConverter'>, 'path': <class 'werkzeug.routing.PathConverter'>, 'string': <class 'werkzeug.routing.UnicodeConverter'>, 'uuid': <class 'werkzeug.routing.UUIDConverter'>}
New in version 0.6.
a dict of default converters to be used.
is_endpoint_expecting(endpoint, *arguments)
Iterate over all rules and check if the endpoint expects the arguments provided. This is for example useful if you have some URLs that expect a language code and others that do not and you want to wrap the builder a bit so that the current language code is automatically added if not provided but endpoints expect it.
- endpoint – the endpoint to check.
- arguments – this function accepts one or more arguments as positional arguments. Each one of them is checked.
iter_rules(endpoint=None)
Iterate over all rules or the rules of an endpoint.
update()
Called before matching and building to keep the compiled rules in the correct order after things changed.
class werkzeug.routing.MapAdapter(map, server_name, script_name, subdomain, url_scheme, path_info, default_method, query_args=None)
Returned by Map.bind()
or Map.bind_to_environ()
and does
the URL matching and building based on runtime information.
allowed_methods(path_info=None)
Returns the valid methods that match for a given path.
New in version 0.7.
build(endpoint, values=None, method=None, force_external=False, append_unknown=True)
Building URLs works pretty much the other way round. Instead of [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] you call [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and pass it the endpoint and a dict of arguments for the placeholders.
The [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] function also accepts an argument called [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] which, if you set it to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] will force external URLs. Per default external URLs (include the server name) will only be used if the target URL is on a different subdomain.
[UNKNOWN NODE doctest_block]Because URLs cannot contain non ASCII data you will always get bytestrings back. Non ASCII characters are urlencoded with the charset defined on the map instance.
Additional values are converted to unicode and appended to the URL as URL querystring parameters:
[UNKNOWN NODE doctest_block]When processing those additional values, lists are furthermore
interpreted as multiple values (as per
werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict
):
If a rule does not exist when building a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception is raised.
The build method accepts an argument called [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] which allows you to specify the method you want to have an URL built for if you have different methods for the same endpoint specified.
New in version 0.6: the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] parameter was added.
- endpoint – the endpoint of the URL to build.
- values – the values for the URL to build. Unhandled values are appended to the URL as query parameters.
- method – the HTTP method for the rule if there are different URLs for different methods on the same endpoint.
- force_external – enforce full canonical external URLs. If the URL scheme is not provided, this will generate a protocol-relative URL.
- append_unknown – unknown parameters are appended to the generated URL as query string argument. Disable this if you want the builder to ignore those.
dispatch(view_func, path_info=None, method=None, catch_http_exceptions=False)
Does the complete dispatching process. [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is called with
the endpoint and a dict with the values for the view. It should
look up the view function, call it, and return a response object
or WSGI application. http exceptions are not caught by default
so that applications can display nicer error messages by just
catching them by hand. If you want to stick with the default
error messages you can pass it catch_http_exceptions=True
and
it will catch the http exceptions.
Here a small example for the dispatch usage:
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
from werkzeug.wsgi import responder
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule
def on_index(request):
return Response('Hello from the index')
url_map = Map([Rule('/', endpoint='index')])
views = {'index': on_index}
@responder
def application(environ, start_response):
request = Request(environ)
urls = url_map.bind_to_environ(environ)
return urls.dispatch(lambda e, v: views[e](request, **v),
catch_http_exceptions=True)
Keep in mind that this method might return exception objects, too, so
use Response.force_type
to get a response object.
- view_func – a function that is called with the endpoint as first argument and the value dict as second. Has to dispatch to the actual view function with this information. (see above)
- path_info – the path info to use for matching. Overrides the path info specified on binding.
- method – the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the method specified on binding.
- catch_http_exceptions – set to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] to catch any of the
werkzeug
HTTPException
s.
get_default_redirect(rule, method, values, query_args)
A helper that returns the URL to redirect to if it finds one. This is used for default redirecting only.
get_host(domain_part)
Figures out the full host name for the given domain part. The domain part is a subdomain in case host matching is disabled or a full host name.
make_alias_redirect_url(path, endpoint, values, method, query_args)
Internally called to make an alias redirect URL.
make_redirect_url(path_info, query_args=None, domain_part=None)
Creates a redirect URL.
match(path_info=None, method=None, return_rule=False, query_args=None)
The usage is simple: you just pass the match method the current path info as well as the method (which defaults to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]). The following things can then happen:
- you receive a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception that indicates that no URL is matching. A [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception is also a WSGI application you can call to get a default page not found page (happens to be the same object as [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference])
- you receive a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception that indicates that there is a match for this URL but not for the current request method. This is useful for RESTful applications.
- you receive a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception with a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
attribute. This exception is used to notify you about a request
Werkzeug requests from your WSGI application. This is for example the
case if you request
/foo
although the correct URL is/foo/
You can use the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] instance as response-like object similar to all other subclasses of [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]. - you get a tuple in the form
(endpoint, arguments)
if there is a match (unless [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is True, in which case you get a tuple in the form(rule, arguments)
)
If the path info is not passed to the match method the default path info of the map is used (defaults to the root URL if not defined explicitly).
All of the exceptions raised are subclasses of [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] so they can be used as WSGI responses. They will all render generic error or redirect pages.
Here is a small example for matching:
[UNKNOWN NODE doctest_block]And here is what happens on redirect and missing URLs:
[UNKNOWN NODE doctest_block]- path_info – the path info to use for matching. Overrides the path info specified on binding.
- method – the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the method specified on binding.
- return_rule – return the rule that matched instead of just the endpoint (defaults to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]).
- query_args – optional query arguments that are used for automatic redirects as string or dictionary. It’s currently not possible to use the query arguments for URL matching.
New in version 0.6: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] was added.
New in version 0.7: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] was added.
Changed in version 0.8: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] can now also be a string.
test(path_info=None, method=None)
Test if a rule would match. Works like [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] but returns [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] if the URL matches, or [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] if it does not exist.
- path_info – the path info to use for matching. Overrides the path info specified on binding.
- method – the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the method specified on binding.
class werkzeug.routing.Rule(string, defaults=None, subdomain=None, methods=None, build_only=False, endpoint=None, strict_slashes=None, redirect_to=None, alias=False, host=None)
A Rule represents one URL pattern. There are some options for [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] that change the way it behaves and are passed to the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] constructor. Note that besides the rule-string all arguments must be keyword arguments in order to not break the application on Werkzeug upgrades.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
Rule strings basically are just normal URL paths with placeholders in the format
<converter(arguments):name>
where the converter and the arguments are optional. If no converter is defined the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] converter is used which means [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] in the normal configuration.URL rules that end with a slash are branch URLs, others are leaves. If you have [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] enabled (which is the default), all branch URLs that are matched without a trailing slash will trigger a redirect to the same URL with the missing slash appended.
The converters are defined on the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference].
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
- The endpoint for this rule. This can be anything. A reference to a function, a string, a number etc. The preferred way is using a string because the endpoint is used for URL generation.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
An optional dict with defaults for other rules with the same endpoint. This is a bit tricky but useful if you want to have unique URLs:
url_map = Map([ Rule('/all/', defaults={'page': 1}, endpoint='all_entries'), Rule('/all/page/<int:page>', endpoint='all_entries') ])
If a user now visits
http://example.com/all/page/1
he will be redirected tohttp://example.com/all/
. If [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is disabled on the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] instance this will only affect the URL generation.- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
The subdomain rule string for this rule. If not specified the rule only matches for the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] of the map. If the map is not bound to a subdomain this feature is disabled.
Can be useful if you want to have user profiles on different subdomains and all subdomains are forwarded to your application:
url_map = Map([ Rule('/', subdomain='<username>', endpoint='user/homepage'), Rule('/stats', subdomain='<username>', endpoint='user/stats') ])
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
A sequence of http methods this rule applies to. If not specified, all methods are allowed. For example this can be useful if you want different endpoints for [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]. If methods are defined and the path matches but the method matched against is not in this list or in the list of another rule for that path the error raised is of the type [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] rather than [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]. If [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is present in the list of methods and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is not, [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is added automatically.
Changed in version 0.6.1: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is now automatically added to the methods if [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] is present. The reason for this is that existing code often did not work properly in servers not rewriting [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] to [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] automatically and it was not documented how [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] should be treated. This was considered a bug in Werkzeug because of that.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
- Override the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] setting for [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] only for this rule. If not specified the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] setting is used.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
- Set this to True and the rule will never match but will create a URL that can be build. This is useful if you have resources on a subdomain or folder that are not handled by the WSGI application (like static data)
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
If given this must be either a string or callable. In case of a callable it’s called with the url adapter that triggered the match and the values of the URL as keyword arguments and has to return the target for the redirect, otherwise it has to be a string with placeholders in rule syntax:
def foo_with_slug(adapter, id): # ask the database for the slug for the old id. this of # course has nothing to do with werkzeug. return 'foo/' + Foo.get_slug_for_id(id) url_map = Map([ Rule('/foo/<slug>', endpoint='foo'), Rule('/some/old/url/<slug>', redirect_to='foo/<slug>'), Rule('/other/old/url/<int:id>', redirect_to=foo_with_slug) ])
When the rule is matched the routing system will raise a [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] exception with the target for the redirect.
Keep in mind that the URL will be joined against the URL root of the script so don’t use a leading slash on the target URL unless you really mean root of that domain.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
- If enabled this rule serves as an alias for another rule with the same endpoint and arguments.
- [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference]
- If provided and the URL map has host matching enabled this can be used to provide a match rule for the whole host. This also means that the subdomain feature is disabled.
New in version 0.7: The [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] parameters were added.
empty()
Return an unbound copy of this rule.
This can be useful if want to reuse an already bound URL for another
map. See get_empty_kwargs
to override what keyword arguments are
provided to the new copy.
Rule Factories
class werkzeug.routing.RuleFactory
As soon as you have more complex URL setups it’s a good idea to use rule factories to avoid repetitive tasks. Some of them are builtin, others can be added by subclassing [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and overriding [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference].
get_rules(map)
Subclasses of [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] have to override this method and return an iterable of rules.
class werkzeug.routing.Subdomain(subdomain, rules)
All URLs provided by this factory have the subdomain set to a specific domain. For example if you want to use the subdomain for the current language this can be a good setup:
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='#select_language'),
Subdomain('<string(length=2):lang_code>', [
Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
Rule('/about', endpoint='about'),
Rule('/help', endpoint='help')
])
])
All the rules except for the '#select_language'
endpoint will now
listen on a two letter long subdomain that holds the language code
for the current request.
class werkzeug.routing.Submount(path, rules)
Like [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] but prefixes the URL rule with a given string:
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
Submount('/blog', [
Rule('/', endpoint='blog/index'),
Rule('/entry/<entry_slug>', endpoint='blog/show')
])
])
Now the rule 'blog/show'
matches /blog/entry/<entry_slug>
.
class werkzeug.routing.EndpointPrefix(prefix, rules)
Prefixes all endpoints (which must be strings for this factory) with another string. This can be useful for sub applications:
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
EndpointPrefix('blog/', [Submount('/blog', [
Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
Rule('/entry/<entry_slug>', endpoint='show')
])])
])
Rule Templates
class werkzeug.routing.RuleTemplate(rules)
Returns copies of the rules wrapped and expands string templates in the endpoint, rule, defaults or subdomain sections.
Here a small example for such a rule template:
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule, RuleTemplate
resource = RuleTemplate([
Rule('/$name/', endpoint='$name.list'),
Rule('/$name/<int:id>', endpoint='$name.show')
])
url_map = Map([resource(name='user'), resource(name='page')])
When a rule template is called the keyword arguments are used to replace the placeholders in all the string parameters.
Custom Converters
You can easily add custom converters. The only thing you have to do is to
subclass BaseConverter
and pass that new converter to the url_map.
A converter has to provide two public methods: [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] and [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference],
as well as a member that represents a regular expression. Here is a small
example:
from random import randrange
from werkzeug.routing import Rule, Map, BaseConverter, ValidationError
class BooleanConverter(BaseConverter):
def __init__(self, url_map, randomify=False):
super(BooleanConverter, self).__init__(url_map)
self.randomify = randomify
self.regex = '(?:yes|no|maybe)'
def to_python(self, value):
if value == 'maybe':
if self.randomify:
return not randrange(2)
raise ValidationError()
return value == 'yes'
def to_url(self, value):
return value and 'yes' or 'no'
url_map = Map([
Rule('/vote/<bool:werkzeug_rocks>', endpoint='vote'),
Rule('/vote/<bool(randomify=True):foo>', endpoint='foo')
], converters={'bool': BooleanConverter})
If you want that converter to be the default converter, name it 'default'
.
Host Matching
New in version 0.7.
Starting with Werkzeug 0.7 it’s also possible to do matching on the whole
host names instead of just the subdomain. To enable this feature you need
to pass host_matching=True
to the Map
constructor and provide
the [UNKNOWN NODE title_reference] argument to all routes:
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='www_index', host='www.example.com'),
Rule('/', endpoint='help_index', host='help.example.com')
], host_matching=True)
Variable parts are of course also possible in the host section:
url_map = Map([
Rule('/', endpoint='www_index', host='www.example.com'),
Rule('/', endpoint='user_index', host='<user>.example.com')
], host_matching=True)