Numeric and Mathematical Modules

The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions and data types. The numbers module defines an abstract hierarchy of numeric types. The math and cmath modules contain various mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. The decimal module supports exact representations of decimal numbers, using arbitrary precision arithmetic.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

numbers --- Numeric abstract base classes
- The numeric tower
- Notes for type implementors
  - Adding More Numeric ABCs
  - Implementing the arithmetic operations
math --- Mathematical functions
cmath --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
decimal --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
- Quick-start Tutorial
- Decimal objects
  - Logical operands
- Context objects
- Constants
- Rounding modes
- Signals
- Floating Point Notes
  - Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
  - Special values
- Working with threads
- Recipes
- Decimal FAQ
fractions --- Rational numbers
random --- Generate pseudo-random numbers
statistics --- Mathematical statistics functions