void Py_Initialize()
Initialize the Python interpreter. In an application embedding Python, this
should be called before using any other Python/C API functions; with the
exception of Py_SetProgramName(), Py_SetPythonHome() and Py_SetPath(). This initializes
the table of loaded modules (sys.modules), and creates the fundamental
modules builtins, __main__ and sys. It also initializes
the module search path (sys.path). It does not set sys.argv; use
PySys_SetArgvEx() for that. This is a no-op when called for a second time
(without calling Py_FinalizeEx() first). There is no return value; it is a
fatal error if the initialization fails.
Note
On Windows, changes the console mode from O_TEXT to O_BINARY, which will
also affect non-Python uses of the console using the C Runtime.
void Py_InitializeEx(int initsigs)
This function works like Py_Initialize() if initsigs is 1. If
initsigs is 0, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
might be useful when Python is embedded.
int Py_IsInitialized()
Return true (nonzero) when the Python interpreter has been initialized, false
(zero) if not. After Py_FinalizeEx() is called, this returns false until
Py_Initialize() is called again.
int Py_FinalizeEx()
Undo all initializations made by Py_Initialize() and subsequent use of
Python/C API functions, and destroy all sub-interpreters (see
Py_NewInterpreter() below) that were created and not yet destroyed since
the last call to Py_Initialize(). Ideally, this frees all memory
allocated by the Python interpreter. This is a no-op when called for a second
time (without calling Py_Initialize() again first). Normally the
return value is 0. If there were errors during finalization
(flushing buffered data), -1 is returned.
This function is provided for a number of reasons. An embedding application might want to restart Python without having to restart the application itself. An application that has loaded the Python interpreter from a dynamically loadable library (or DLL) might want to free all memory allocated by Python before unloading the DLL. During a hunt for memory leaks in an application a developer might want to free all memory allocated by Python before exiting from the application.
Bugs and caveats: The destruction of modules and objects in modules is done
in random order; this may cause destructors (__del__() methods) to fail
when they depend on other objects (even functions) or modules. Dynamically
loaded extension modules loaded by Python are not unloaded. Small amounts of
memory allocated by the Python interpreter may not be freed (if you find a leak,
please report it). Memory tied up in circular references between objects is not
freed. Some memory allocated by extension modules may not be freed. Some
extensions may not work properly if their initialization routine is called more
than once; this can happen if an application calls Py_Initialize() and
Py_FinalizeEx() more than once.
New in version 3.6.
void Py_Finalize()
This is a backwards-compatible version of Py_FinalizeEx() that
disregards the return value.
int Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding(const char *encoding, const char *errors)
This function should be called before Py_Initialize(), if it is
called at all. It specifies which encoding and error handling to use
with standard IO, with the same meanings as in str.encode().
It overrides PYTHONIOENCODING values, and allows embedding code
to control IO encoding when the environment variable does not work.
encoding and/or errors may be NULL to use
PYTHONIOENCODING and/or default values (depending on other
settings).
Note that sys.stderr always uses the "backslashreplace" error
handler, regardless of this (or any other) setting.
If Py_FinalizeEx() is called, this function will need to be called
again in order to affect subsequent calls to Py_Initialize().
Returns 0 if successful, a nonzero value on error (e.g. calling after the
interpreter has already been initialized).
New in version 3.4.
void Py_SetProgramName(wchar_t *name)
This function should be called before Py_Initialize() is called for
the first time, if it is called at all. It tells the interpreter the value
of the argv[0] argument to the main() function of the program
(converted to wide characters).
This is used by Py_GetPath() and some other functions below to find
the Python run-time libraries relative to the interpreter executable. The
default value is 'python'. The argument should point to a
zero-terminated wide character string in static storage whose contents will not
change for the duration of the program's execution. No code in the Python
interpreter will change the contents of this storage.
Use Py_DecodeLocale() to decode a bytes string to get a
wchar_* string.
wchar* Py_GetProgramName()
Return the program name set with Py_SetProgramName(), or the default.
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value.
wchar_t* Py_GetPrefix()
Return the prefix for installed platform-independent files. This is derived
through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
Py_SetProgramName() and some environment variables; for example, if the
program name is '/usr/local/bin/python', the prefix is '/usr/local'. The
returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. This corresponds to the prefix variable in the top-level
Makefile and the --prefix argument to the configure
script at build time. The value is available to Python code as sys.prefix.
It is only useful on Unix. See also the next function.
wchar_t* Py_GetExecPrefix()
Return the exec-prefix for installed platform-dependent files. This is
derived through a number of complicated rules from the program name set with
Py_SetProgramName() and some environment variables; for example, if the
program name is '/usr/local/bin/python', the exec-prefix is
'/usr/local'. The returned string points into static storage; the caller
should not modify its value. This corresponds to the exec_prefix
variable in the top-level Makefile and the --exec-prefix
argument to the configure script at build time. The value is
available to Python code as sys.exec_prefix. It is only useful on Unix.
Background: The exec-prefix differs from the prefix when platform dependent
files (such as executables and shared libraries) are installed in a different
directory tree. In a typical installation, platform dependent files may be
installed in the /usr/local/plat subtree while platform independent may
be installed in /usr/local.
Generally speaking, a platform is a combination of hardware and software families, e.g. Sparc machines running the Solaris 2.x operating system are considered the same platform, but Intel machines running Solaris 2.x are another platform, and Intel machines running Linux are yet another platform. Different major revisions of the same operating system generally also form different platforms. Non-Unix operating systems are a different story; the installation strategies on those systems are so different that the prefix and exec-prefix are meaningless, and set to the empty string. Note that compiled Python bytecode files are platform independent (but not independent from the Python version by which they were compiled!).
System administrators will know how to configure the mount or
automount programs to share /usr/local between platforms
while having /usr/local/plat be a different filesystem for each
platform.
wchar_t* Py_GetProgramFullPath()
Return the full program name of the Python executable; this is computed as a
side-effect of deriving the default module search path from the program name
(set by Py_SetProgramName() above). The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as sys.executable.
wchar_t* Py_GetPath()
Return the default module search path; this is computed from the program name
(set by Py_SetProgramName() above) and some environment variables.
The returned string consists of a series of directory names separated by a
platform dependent delimiter character. The delimiter character is ':'
on Unix and Mac OS X, ';' on Windows. The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The list
sys.path is initialized with this value on interpreter startup; it
can be (and usually is) modified later to change the search path for loading
modules.
void Py_SetPath(const wchar_t *)
Set the default module search path. If this function is called before
Py_Initialize(), then Py_GetPath() won't attempt to compute a
default search path but uses the one provided instead. This is useful if
Python is embedded by an application that has full knowledge of the location
of all modules. The path components should be separated by the platform
dependent delimiter character, which is ':' on Unix and Mac OS X, ';'
on Windows.
This also causes sys.executable to be set only to the raw program
name (see Py_SetProgramName()) and for sys.prefix and
sys.exec_prefix to be empty. It is up to the caller to modify these
if required after calling Py_Initialize().
Use Py_DecodeLocale() to decode a bytes string to get a
wchar_* string.
The path argument is copied internally, so the caller may free it after the call completes.
const char* Py_GetVersion()
Return the version of this Python interpreter. This is a string that looks something like
"3.0a5+ (py3k:63103M, May 12 2008, 00:53:55) \n[GCC 4.2.3]"
The first word (up to the first space character) is the current Python version;
the first three characters are the major and minor version separated by a
period. The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not
modify its value. The value is available to Python code as sys.version.
const char* Py_GetPlatform()
Return the platform identifier for the current platform. On Unix, this is
formed from the "official" name of the operating system, converted to lower
case, followed by the major revision number; e.g., for Solaris 2.x, which is
also known as SunOS 5.x, the value is 'sunos5'. On Mac OS X, it is
'darwin'. On Windows, it is 'win'. The returned string points into
static storage; the caller should not modify its value. The value is available
to Python code as sys.platform.
const char* Py_GetCopyright()
Return the official copyright string for the current Python version, for example
'Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam'
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as sys.copyright.
const char* Py_GetCompiler()
Return an indication of the compiler used to build the current Python version, in square brackets, for example:
"[GCC 2.7.2.2]"
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
sys.version.
const char* Py_GetBuildInfo()
Return information about the sequence number and build date and time of the current Python interpreter instance, for example
"#67, Aug 1 1997, 22:34:28"
The returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
value. The value is available to Python code as part of the variable
sys.version.
void PySys_SetArgvEx(int argc, wchar_t **argv, int updatepath)
Set sys.argv based on argc and argv. These parameters are
similar to those passed to the program's main() function with the
difference that the first entry should refer to the script file to be
executed rather than the executable hosting the Python interpreter. If there
isn't a script that will be run, the first entry in argv can be an empty
string. If this function fails to initialize sys.argv, a fatal
condition is signalled using Py_FatalError().
If updatepath is zero, this is all the function does. If updatepath
is non-zero, the function also modifies sys.path according to the
following algorithm:
- If the name of an existing script is passed in
argv[0], the absolute path of the directory where the script is located is prepended tosys.path. - Otherwise (that is, if argc is
0orargv[0]doesn't point to an existing file name), an empty string is prepended tosys.path, which is the same as prepending the current working directory (".").
Use Py_DecodeLocale() to decode a bytes string to get a
wchar_* string.
Note
It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
for purposes other than executing a single script pass 0 as updatepath,
and update sys.path themselves if desired.
See CVE-2008-5983.
On versions before 3.1.3, you can achieve the same effect by manually
popping the first sys.path element after having called
PySys_SetArgv(), for example using:
PyRun_SimpleString("import sys; sys.path.pop(0)\n");
New in version 3.1.3.
void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, wchar_t **argv)
This function works like PySys_SetArgvEx() with updatepath set
to 1 unless the python interpreter was started with the
-I.
Use Py_DecodeLocale() to decode a bytes string to get a
wchar_* string.
Changed in version 3.4: The updatepath value depends on -I.
void Py_SetPythonHome(wchar_t *home)
Set the default "home" directory, that is, the location of the standard
Python libraries. See PYTHONHOME for the meaning of the
argument string.
The argument should point to a zero-terminated character string in static storage whose contents will not change for the duration of the program's execution. No code in the Python interpreter will change the contents of this storage.
Use Py_DecodeLocale() to decode a bytes string to get a
wchar_* string.
w_char* Py_GetPythonHome()
Return the default "home", that is, the value set by a previous call to
Py_SetPythonHome(), or the value of the PYTHONHOME
environment variable if it is set.
The Python interpreter is not fully thread-safe. In order to support multi-threaded Python programs, there's a global lock, called the global interpreter lock or GIL, that must be held by the current thread before it can safely access Python objects. Without the lock, even the simplest operations could cause problems in a multi-threaded program: for example, when two threads simultaneously increment the reference count of the same object, the reference count could end up being incremented only once instead of twice.
Therefore, the rule exists that only the thread that has acquired the
GIL may operate on Python objects or call Python/C API functions.
In order to emulate concurrency of execution, the interpreter regularly
tries to switch threads (see sys.setswitchinterval()). The lock is also
released around potentially blocking I/O operations like reading or writing
a file, so that other Python threads can run in the meantime.
The Python interpreter keeps some thread-specific bookkeeping information
inside a data structure called PyThreadState. There's also one
global variable pointing to the current PyThreadState: it can
be retrieved using PyThreadState_Get().
Most extension code manipulating the GIL has the following simple structure:
Save the thread state in a local variable.
Release the global interpreter lock.
... Do some blocking I/O operation ...
Reacquire the global interpreter lock.
Restore the thread state from the local variable.
This is so common that a pair of macros exists to simplify it:
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
... Do some blocking I/O operation ...
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
The Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS macro opens a new block and declares a
hidden local variable; the Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS macro closes the
block. These two macros are still available when Python is compiled without
thread support (they simply have an empty expansion).
When thread support is enabled, the block above expands to the following code:
PyThreadState *_save;
_save = PyEval_SaveThread();
...Do some blocking I/O operation...
PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);
Here is how these functions work: the global interpreter lock is used to protect the pointer to the current thread state. When releasing the lock and saving the thread state, the current thread state pointer must be retrieved before the lock is released (since another thread could immediately acquire the lock and store its own thread state in the global variable). Conversely, when acquiring the lock and restoring the thread state, the lock must be acquired before storing the thread state pointer.
Note
Calling system I/O functions is the most common use case for releasing
the GIL, but it can also be useful before calling long-running computations
which don't need access to Python objects, such as compression or
cryptographic functions operating over memory buffers. For example, the
standard zlib and hashlib modules release the GIL when
compressing or hashing data.
When threads are created using the dedicated Python APIs (such as the
threading module), a thread state is automatically associated to them
and the code showed above is therefore correct. However, when threads are
created from C (for example by a third-party library with its own thread
management), they don't hold the GIL, nor is there a thread state structure
for them.
If you need to call Python code from these threads (often this will be part of a callback API provided by the aforementioned third-party library), you must first register these threads with the interpreter by creating a thread state data structure, then acquiring the GIL, and finally storing their thread state pointer, before you can start using the Python/C API. When you are done, you should reset the thread state pointer, release the GIL, and finally free the thread state data structure.
The PyGILState_Ensure() and PyGILState_Release() functions do
all of the above automatically. The typical idiom for calling into Python
from a C thread is:
PyGILState_STATE gstate;
gstate = PyGILState_Ensure();
/* Perform Python actions here. */
result = CallSomeFunction();
/* evaluate result or handle exception */
/* Release the thread. No Python API allowed beyond this point. */
PyGILState_Release(gstate);
Note that the PyGILState_*() functions assume there is only one global
interpreter (created automatically by Py_Initialize()). Python
supports the creation of additional interpreters (using
Py_NewInterpreter()), but mixing multiple interpreters and the
PyGILState_*() API is unsupported.
Another important thing to note about threads is their behaviour in the face
of the C fork() call. On most systems with fork(), after a
process forks only the thread that issued the fork will exist. That also
means any locks held by other threads will never be released. Python solves
this for os.fork() by acquiring the locks it uses internally before
the fork, and releasing them afterwards. In addition, it resets any
Lock Objects in the child. When extending or embedding Python, there
is no way to inform Python of additional (non-Python) locks that need to be
acquired before or reset after a fork. OS facilities such as
pthread_atfork() would need to be used to accomplish the same thing.
Additionally, when extending or embedding Python, calling fork()
directly rather than through os.fork() (and returning to or calling
into Python) may result in a deadlock by one of Python's internal locks
being held by a thread that is defunct after the fork.
PyOS_AfterFork() tries to reset the necessary locks, but is not
always able to.
These are the most commonly used types and functions when writing C extension code, or when embedding the Python interpreter:
PyInterpreterState
This data structure represents the state shared by a number of cooperating threads. Threads belonging to the same interpreter share their module administration and a few other internal items. There are no public members in this structure.
Threads belonging to different interpreters initially share nothing, except process state like available memory, open file descriptors and such. The global interpreter lock is also shared by all threads, regardless of to which interpreter they belong.
PyThreadState
This data structure represents the state of a single thread. The only public
data member is PyInterpreterState *interp, which points to
this thread's interpreter state.
void PyEval_InitThreads()
Initialize and acquire the global interpreter lock. It should be called in the
main thread before creating a second thread or engaging in any other thread
operations such as PyEval_ReleaseThread(tstate). It is not needed before
calling PyEval_SaveThread() or PyEval_RestoreThread().
This is a no-op when called for a second time.
Changed in version 3.2: This function cannot be called before Py_Initialize() anymore.
Note
When only the main thread exists, no GIL operations are needed. This is a
common situation (most Python programs do not use threads), and the lock
operations slow the interpreter down a bit. Therefore, the lock is not
created initially. This situation is equivalent to having acquired the lock:
when there is only a single thread, all object accesses are safe. Therefore,
when this function initializes the global interpreter lock, it also acquires
it. Before the Python _thread module creates a new thread, knowing
that either it has the lock or the lock hasn't been created yet, it calls
PyEval_InitThreads(). When this call returns, it is guaranteed that
the lock has been created and that the calling thread has acquired it.
It is not safe to call this function when it is unknown which thread (if any) currently has the global interpreter lock.
This function is not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
int PyEval_ThreadsInitialized()
Returns a non-zero value if PyEval_InitThreads() has been called. This
function can be called without holding the GIL, and therefore can be used to
avoid calls to the locking API when running single-threaded. This function is
not available when thread support is disabled at compile time.
PyThreadState* PyEval_SaveThread()
Release the global interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread support is enabled) and reset the thread state to NULL, returning the previous thread state (which is not NULL). If the lock has been created, the current thread must have acquired it. (This function is available even when thread support is disabled at compile time.)
void PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Acquire the global interpreter lock (if it has been created and thread support is enabled) and set the thread state to tstate, which must not be NULL. If the lock has been created, the current thread must not have acquired it, otherwise deadlock ensues. (This function is available even when thread support is disabled at compile time.)
PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Get()
Return the current thread state. The global interpreter lock must be held. When the current thread state is NULL, this issues a fatal error (so that the caller needn't check for NULL).
PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Swap(PyThreadState *tstate)
Swap the current thread state with the thread state given by the argument tstate, which may be NULL. The global interpreter lock must be held and is not released.
void PyEval_ReInitThreads()
This function is called from PyOS_AfterFork() to ensure that newly
created child processes don't hold locks referring to threads which
are not running in the child process.
The following functions use thread-local storage, and are not compatible with sub-interpreters:
PyGILState_STATE PyGILState_Ensure()
Ensure that the current thread is ready to call the Python C API regardless
of the current state of Python, or of the global interpreter lock. This may
be called as many times as desired by a thread as long as each call is
matched with a call to PyGILState_Release(). In general, other
thread-related APIs may be used between PyGILState_Ensure() and
PyGILState_Release() calls as long as the thread state is restored to
its previous state before the Release(). For example, normal usage of the
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS and Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS macros is
acceptable.
The return value is an opaque "handle" to the thread state when
PyGILState_Ensure() was called, and must be passed to
PyGILState_Release() to ensure Python is left in the same state. Even
though recursive calls are allowed, these handles cannot be shared - each
unique call to PyGILState_Ensure() must save the handle for its call
to PyGILState_Release().
When the function returns, the current thread will hold the GIL and be able to call arbitrary Python code. Failure is a fatal error.
void PyGILState_Release(PyGILState_STATE)
Release any resources previously acquired. After this call, Python's state will
be the same as it was prior to the corresponding PyGILState_Ensure() call
(but generally this state will be unknown to the caller, hence the use of the
GILState API).
Every call to PyGILState_Ensure() must be matched by a call to
PyGILState_Release() on the same thread.
PyThreadState* PyGILState_GetThisThreadState()
Get the current thread state for this thread. May return NULL if no
GILState API has been used on the current thread. Note that the main thread
always has such a thread-state, even if no auto-thread-state call has been
made on the main thread. This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function.
int PyGILState_Check()
Return 1 if the current thread is holding the GIL and 0 otherwise.
This function can be called from any thread at any time.
Only if it has had its Python thread state initialized and currently is
holding the GIL will it return 1.
This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function. It can be useful
for example in callback contexts or memory allocation functions when
knowing that the GIL is locked can allow the caller to perform sensitive
actions or otherwise behave differently.
New in version 3.4.
The following macros are normally used without a trailing semicolon; look for example usage in the Python source distribution.
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
This macro expands to { PyThreadState *_save; _save = PyEval_SaveThread();.
Note that it contains an opening brace; it must be matched with a following
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS macro. See above for further discussion of this
macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
This macro expands to PyEval_RestoreThread(_save); }. Note that it contains
a closing brace; it must be matched with an earlier
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS macro. See above for further discussion of
this macro. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
Py_BLOCK_THREADS
This macro expands to PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);: it is equivalent to
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS without the closing brace. It is a no-op when
thread support is disabled at compile time.
Py_UNBLOCK_THREADS
This macro expands to _save = PyEval_SaveThread();: it is equivalent to
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS without the opening brace and variable
declaration. It is a no-op when thread support is disabled at compile time.
All of the following functions are only available when thread support is enabled at compile time, and must be called only when the global interpreter lock has been created.
PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_New()
Create a new interpreter state object. The global interpreter lock need not be held, but may be held if it is necessary to serialize calls to this function.
void PyInterpreterState_Clear(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Reset all information in an interpreter state object. The global interpreter lock must be held.
void PyInterpreterState_Delete(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Destroy an interpreter state object. The global interpreter lock need not be
held. The interpreter state must have been reset with a previous call to
PyInterpreterState_Clear().
PyThreadState* PyThreadState_New(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Create a new thread state object belonging to the given interpreter object. The global interpreter lock need not be held, but may be held if it is necessary to serialize calls to this function.
void PyThreadState_Clear(PyThreadState *tstate)
Reset all information in a thread state object. The global interpreter lock must be held.
void PyThreadState_Delete(PyThreadState *tstate)
Destroy a thread state object. The global interpreter lock need not be held.
The thread state must have been reset with a previous call to
PyThreadState_Clear().
PyObject* PyThreadState_GetDict()
Return value: Borrowed reference.Return a dictionary in which extensions can store thread-specific state information. Each extension should use a unique key to use to store state in the dictionary. It is okay to call this function when no current thread state is available. If this function returns NULL, no exception has been raised and the caller should assume no current thread state is available.
int PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(long id, PyObject *exc)
Asynchronously raise an exception in a thread. The id argument is the thread
id of the target thread; exc is the exception object to be raised. This
function does not steal any references to exc. To prevent naive misuse, you
must write your own C extension to call this. Must be called with the GIL held.
Returns the number of thread states modified; this is normally one, but will be
zero if the thread id isn't found. If exc is NULL, the pending
exception (if any) for the thread is cleared. This raises no exceptions.
void PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Acquire the global interpreter lock and set the current thread state to tstate, which should not be NULL. The lock must have been created earlier. If this thread already has the lock, deadlock ensues.
PyEval_RestoreThread() is a higher-level function which is always
available (even when thread support isn't enabled or when threads have
not been initialized).
void PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
Reset the current thread state to NULL and release the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier and must be held by the current thread. The tstate argument, which must not be NULL, is only used to check that it represents the current thread state --- if it isn't, a fatal error is reported.
PyEval_SaveThread() is a higher-level function which is always
available (even when thread support isn't enabled or when threads have
not been initialized).
void PyEval_AcquireLock()
Acquire the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier. If this thread already has the lock, a deadlock ensues.
Deprecated since version 3.2: This function does not update the current thread state. Please use
PyEval_RestoreThread() or PyEval_AcquireThread()
instead.
void PyEval_ReleaseLock()
Release the global interpreter lock. The lock must have been created earlier.
Deprecated since version 3.2: This function does not update the current thread state. Please use
PyEval_SaveThread() or PyEval_ReleaseThread()
instead.
While in most uses, you will only embed a single Python interpreter, there
are cases where you need to create several independent interpreters in the
same process and perhaps even in the same thread. Sub-interpreters allow
you to do that. You can switch between sub-interpreters using the
PyThreadState_Swap() function. You can create and destroy them
using the following functions:
PyThreadState* Py_NewInterpreter()
Create a new sub-interpreter. This is an (almost) totally separate environment
for the execution of Python code. In particular, the new interpreter has
separate, independent versions of all imported modules, including the
fundamental modules builtins, __main__ and sys. The
table of loaded modules (sys.modules) and the module search path
(sys.path) are also separate. The new environment has no sys.argv
variable. It has new standard I/O stream file objects sys.stdin,
sys.stdout and sys.stderr (however these refer to the same underlying
file descriptors).
The return value points to the first thread state created in the new sub-interpreter. This thread state is made in the current thread state. Note that no actual thread is created; see the discussion of thread states below. If creation of the new interpreter is unsuccessful, NULL is returned; no exception is set since the exception state is stored in the current thread state and there may not be a current thread state. (Like all other Python/C API functions, the global interpreter lock must be held before calling this function and is still held when it returns; however, unlike most other Python/C API functions, there needn't be a current thread state on entry.)
Extension modules are shared between (sub-)interpreters as follows: the first
time a particular extension is imported, it is initialized normally, and a
(shallow) copy of its module's dictionary is squirreled away. When the same
extension is imported by another (sub-)interpreter, a new module is initialized
and filled with the contents of this copy; the extension's init function is
not called. Note that this is different from what happens when an extension is
imported after the interpreter has been completely re-initialized by calling
Py_FinalizeEx() and Py_Initialize(); in that case, the extension's
initmodule function is called again.
void Py_EndInterpreter(PyThreadState *tstate)
Destroy the (sub-)interpreter represented by the given thread state. The given
thread state must be the current thread state. See the discussion of thread
states below. When the call returns, the current thread state is NULL. All
thread states associated with this interpreter are destroyed. (The global
interpreter lock must be held before calling this function and is still held
when it returns.) Py_FinalizeEx() will destroy all sub-interpreters that
haven't been explicitly destroyed at that point.
Because sub-interpreters (and the main interpreter) are part of the same
process, the insulation between them isn't perfect --- for example, using
low-level file operations like os.close() they can
(accidentally or maliciously) affect each other's open files. Because of the
way extensions are shared between (sub-)interpreters, some extensions may not
work properly; this is especially likely when the extension makes use of
(static) global variables, or when the extension manipulates its module's
dictionary after its initialization. It is possible to insert objects created
in one sub-interpreter into a namespace of another sub-interpreter; this should
be done with great care to avoid sharing user-defined functions, methods,
instances or classes between sub-interpreters, since import operations executed
by such objects may affect the wrong (sub-)interpreter's dictionary of loaded
modules.
Also note that combining this functionality with PyGILState_*() APIs
is delicate, because these APIs assume a bijection between Python thread states
and OS-level threads, an assumption broken by the presence of sub-interpreters.
It is highly recommended that you don't switch sub-interpreters between a pair
of matching PyGILState_Ensure() and PyGILState_Release() calls.
Furthermore, extensions (such as ctypes) using these APIs to allow calling
of Python code from non-Python created threads will probably be broken when using
sub-interpreters.
A mechanism is provided to make asynchronous notifications to the main interpreter thread. These notifications take the form of a function pointer and a void pointer argument.
int Py_AddPendingCall(int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
Schedule a function to be called from the main interpreter thread. On
success, 0 is returned and func is queued for being called in the
main thread. On failure, -1 is returned without setting any exception.
When successfully queued, func will be eventually called from the main interpreter thread with the argument arg. It will be called asynchronously with respect to normally running Python code, but with both these conditions met:
- on a bytecode boundary;
- with the main thread holding the global interpreter lock (func can therefore use the full C API).
func must return 0 on success, or -1 on failure with an exception
set. func won't be interrupted to perform another asynchronous
notification recursively, but it can still be interrupted to switch
threads if the global interpreter lock is released.
This function doesn't need a current thread state to run, and it doesn't need the global interpreter lock.
Warning
This is a low-level function, only useful for very special cases. There is no guarantee that func will be called as quick as possible. If the main thread is busy executing a system call, func won't be called before the system call returns. This function is generally not suitable for calling Python code from arbitrary C threads. Instead, use the PyGILState API.
New in version 3.1.
The Python interpreter provides some low-level support for attaching profiling and execution tracing facilities. These are used for profiling, debugging, and coverage analysis tools.
This C interface allows the profiling or tracing code to avoid the overhead of calling through Python-level callable objects, making a direct C function call instead. The essential attributes of the facility have not changed; the interface allows trace functions to be installed per-thread, and the basic events reported to the trace function are the same as had been reported to the Python-level trace functions in previous versions.
int (*Py_tracefunc)(PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *frame, int what, PyObject *arg)
The type of the trace function registered using PyEval_SetProfile() and
PyEval_SetTrace(). The first parameter is the object passed to the
registration function as obj, frame is the frame object to which the event
pertains, what is one of the constants PyTrace_CALL,
PyTrace_EXCEPTION, PyTrace_LINE, PyTrace_RETURN,
PyTrace_C_CALL, PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION, or
PyTrace_C_RETURN, and arg depends on the value of what:
| Value of what | Meaning of arg |
|---|---|
PyTrace_CALL | Always NULL. |
PyTrace_EXCEPTION | Exception information as returned by
sys.exc_info(). |
PyTrace_LINE | Always NULL. |
PyTrace_RETURN | Value being returned to the caller, or NULL if caused by an exception. |
PyTrace_C_CALL | Function object being called. |
PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION | Function object being called. |
PyTrace_C_RETURN | Function object being called. |
int PyTrace_CALL
The value of the what parameter to a Py_tracefunc function when a new
call to a function or method is being reported, or a new entry into a generator.
Note that the creation of the iterator for a generator function is not reported
as there is no control transfer to the Python bytecode in the corresponding
frame.
int PyTrace_EXCEPTION
The value of the what parameter to a Py_tracefunc function when an
exception has been raised. The callback function is called with this value for
what when after any bytecode is processed after which the exception becomes
set within the frame being executed. The effect of this is that as exception
propagation causes the Python stack to unwind, the callback is called upon
return to each frame as the exception propagates. Only trace functions receives
these events; they are not needed by the profiler.
int PyTrace_LINE
The value passed as the what parameter to a trace function (but not a profiling function) when a line-number event is being reported.
int PyTrace_RETURN
The value for the what parameter to Py_tracefunc functions when a
call is returning without propagating an exception.
int PyTrace_C_CALL
The value for the what parameter to Py_tracefunc functions when a C
function is about to be called.
int PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION
The value for the what parameter to Py_tracefunc functions when a C
function has raised an exception.
int PyTrace_C_RETURN
The value for the what parameter to Py_tracefunc functions when a C
function has returned.
void PyEval_SetProfile(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
Set the profiler function to func. The obj parameter is passed to the function as its first parameter, and may be any Python object, or NULL. If the profile function needs to maintain state, using a different value for obj for each thread provides a convenient and thread-safe place to store it. The profile function is called for all monitored events except the line-number events.
void PyEval_SetTrace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj)
Set the tracing function to func. This is similar to
PyEval_SetProfile(), except the tracing function does receive line-number
events.
PyObject* PyEval_GetCallStats(PyObject *self)
Return a tuple of function call counts. There are constants defined for the positions within the tuple:
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
PCALL_ALL | 0 |
PCALL_FUNCTION | 1 |
PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION | 2 |
PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION | 3 |
PCALL_METHOD | 4 |
PCALL_BOUND_METHOD | 5 |
PCALL_CFUNCTION | 6 |
PCALL_TYPE | 7 |
PCALL_GENERATOR | 8 |
PCALL_OTHER | 9 |
PCALL_POP | 10 |
PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION means no argument tuple needs to be created.
PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION means that the fast-path frame setup code is used.
If there is a method call where the call can be optimized by changing the argument tuple and calling the function directly, it gets recorded twice.
This function is only present if Python is compiled with CALL_PROFILE
defined.
These functions are only intended to be used by advanced debugging tools.
PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Head()
Return the interpreter state object at the head of the list of all such objects.
PyInterpreterState* PyInterpreterState_Next(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Return the next interpreter state object after interp from the list of all such objects.
PyThreadState * PyInterpreterState_ThreadHead(PyInterpreterState *interp)
Return the pointer to the first PyThreadState object in the list of
threads associated with the interpreter interp.
PyThreadState* PyThreadState_Next(PyThreadState *tstate)
Return the next thread state object after tstate from the list of all such
objects belonging to the same PyInterpreterState object.