There are a large number of structures which are used in the definition of object types for Python. This section describes these structures and how they are used.
All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the beginning
of the object's representation in memory. These are represented by the
PyObject and PyVarObject types, which are defined, in turn,
by the expansions of some macros also used, whether directly or indirectly, in
the definition of all other Python objects.
PyObject
All object types are extensions of this type. This is a type which
contains the information Python needs to treat a pointer to an object as an
object. In a normal "release" build, it contains only the object's
reference count and a pointer to the corresponding type object. It
corresponds to the fields defined by the expansion of the PyObject_HEAD
macro.
PyVarObject
This is an extension of PyObject that adds the ob_size
field. This is only used for objects that have some notion of length.
This type does not often appear in the Python/C API. It corresponds to the
fields defined by the expansion of the PyObject_VAR_HEAD macro.
These macros are used in the definition of PyObject and
PyVarObject:
PyObject_HEAD
This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
PyObject type; it is used when declaring new types which represent
objects without a varying length. The specific fields it expands to depend
on the definition of Py_TRACE_REFS. By default, that macro is
not defined, and PyObject_HEAD expands to:
Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
PyTypeObject *ob_type;
When Py_TRACE_REFS is defined, it expands to:
PyObject *_ob_next, *_ob_prev;
Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
PyTypeObject *ob_type;
PyObject_VAR_HEAD
This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
PyVarObject type; it is used when declaring new types which
represent objects with a length that varies from instance to instance.
This macro always expands to:
PyObject_HEAD
Py_ssize_t ob_size;
Note that PyObject_HEAD is part of the expansion, and that its own
expansion varies depending on the definition of Py_TRACE_REFS.
Py_TYPE(o)
This macro is used to access the ob_type member of a Python object.
It expands to:
(((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
New in version 2.6.
Py_REFCNT(o)
This macro is used to access the ob_refcnt member of a Python
object.
It expands to:
(((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
New in version 2.6.
Py_SIZE(o)
This macro is used to access the ob_size member of a Python object.
It expands to:
(((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)
New in version 2.6.
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type)
This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
PyObject type. This macro expands to:
_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
1, type,
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size)
This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
PyVarObject type, including the ob_size field.
This macro expands to:
_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
1, type, size,
PyCFunction
Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C.
Functions of this type take two PyObject* parameters and return
one such value. If the return value is NULL, an exception shall have
been set. If not NULL, the return value is interpreted as the return
value of the function as exposed in Python. The function must return a new
reference.
PyMethodDef
Structure used to describe a method of an extension type. This structure has four fields:
| Field | C Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
ml_name | char * | name of the method |
ml_meth | PyCFunction | pointer to the C implementation |
ml_flags | int | flag bits indicating how the call should be constructed |
ml_doc | char * | points to the contents of the docstring |
The ml_meth is a C function pointer. The functions may be of different
types, but they always return PyObject*. If the function is not of
the PyCFunction, the compiler will require a cast in the method table.
Even though PyCFunction defines the first parameter as
PyObject*, it is common that the method implementation uses the
specific C type of the self object.
The ml_flags field is a bitfield which can include the following flags.
The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a binding
convention. Of the calling convention flags, only METH_VARARGS and
METH_KEYWORDS can be combined. Any of the calling convention flags
can be combined with a binding flag.
METH_VARARGS
This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the type
PyCFunction. The function expects two PyObject* values.
The first one is the self object for methods; for module functions, it is
the module object. The second parameter (often called args) is a tuple
object representing all arguments. This parameter is typically processed
using PyArg_ParseTuple() or PyArg_UnpackTuple().
METH_KEYWORDS
Methods with these flags must be of type PyCFunctionWithKeywords.
The function expects three parameters: self, args, and a dictionary of
all the keyword arguments. The flag is typically combined with
METH_VARARGS, and the parameters are typically processed using
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords().
METH_NOARGS
Methods without parameters don't need to check whether arguments are given if
they are listed with the METH_NOARGS flag. They need to be of type
PyCFunction. The first parameter is typically named self and
will hold a reference to the module or object instance. In all cases the
second parameter will be NULL.
METH_O
Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the METH_O
flag, instead of invoking PyArg_ParseTuple() with a "O" argument.
They have the type PyCFunction, with the self parameter, and a
PyObject* parameter representing the single argument.
METH_OLDARGS
This calling convention is deprecated. The method must be of type
PyCFunction. The second argument is NULL if no arguments are
given, a single object if exactly one argument is given, and a tuple of
objects if more than one argument is given. There is no way for a function
using this convention to distinguish between a call with multiple arguments
and a call with a tuple as the only argument.
These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention but the binding when use with methods of classes. These may not be used for functions defined for modules. At most one of these flags may be set for any given method.
METH_CLASS
The method will be passed the type object as the first parameter rather
than an instance of the type. This is used to create class methods,
similar to what is created when using the classmethod() built-in
function.
New in version 2.3.
METH_STATIC
The method will be passed NULL as the first parameter rather than an
instance of the type. This is used to create static methods, similar to
what is created when using the staticmethod() built-in function.
New in version 2.3.
One other constant controls whether a method is loaded in place of another definition with the same method name.
METH_COEXIST
The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions. Without
METH_COEXIST, the default is to skip repeated definitions. Since slot
wrappers are loaded before the method table, the existence of a
sq_contains slot, for example, would generate a wrapped method named
__contains__() and preclude the loading of a corresponding
PyCFunction with the same name. With the flag defined, the PyCFunction
will be loaded in place of the wrapper object and will co-exist with the
slot. This is helpful because calls to PyCFunctions are optimized more
than wrapper object calls.
New in version 2.4.
PyMemberDef
Structure which describes an attribute of a type which corresponds to a C struct member. Its fields are:
| Field | C Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
name | char * | name of the member |
type | int | the type of the member in the C struct |
offset | Py_ssize_t | the offset in bytes that the member is located on the type's object struct |
flags | int | flag bits indicating if the field should be read-only or writable |
doc | char * | points to the contents of the docstring |
type can be one of many T_ macros corresponding to various C
types. When the member is accessed in Python, it will be converted to the
equivalent Python type.
| Macro name | C type |
|---|---|
| T_SHORT | short |
| T_INT | int |
| T_LONG | long |
| T_FLOAT | float |
| T_DOUBLE | double |
| T_STRING | char * |
| T_OBJECT | PyObject * |
| T_OBJECT_EX | PyObject * |
| T_CHAR | char |
| T_BYTE | char |
| T_UBYTE | unsigned char |
| T_UINT | unsigned int |
| T_USHORT | unsigned short |
| T_ULONG | unsigned long |
| T_BOOL | char |
| T_LONGLONG | long long |
| T_ULONGLONG | unsigned long long |
| T_PYSSIZET | Py_ssize_t |
T_OBJECT and T_OBJECT_EX differ in that
T_OBJECT returns None if the member is NULL and
T_OBJECT_EX raises an AttributeError. Try to use
T_OBJECT_EX over T_OBJECT because T_OBJECT_EX
handles use of the del statement on that attribute more correctly
than T_OBJECT.
flags can be 0 for write and read access or READONLY for
read-only access. Using T_STRING for type implies
READONLY. Only T_OBJECT and T_OBJECT_EX
members can be deleted. (They are set to NULL).
PyObject* Py_FindMethod(PyMethodDef table[], PyObject *ob, char *name)
Return value: New reference.Return a bound method object for an extension type implemented in C. This
can be useful in the implementation of a tp_getattro or
tp_getattr handler that does not use the
PyObject_GenericGetAttr() function.